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Iceland and Greenland: A Millennium of Perceptions – A Thousand Years of Myth, Mystery, and Imagination
For over a millennium, Iceland and Greenland have captivated outsiders—portrayed in everything from medieval manuscripts to modern media. Mysterious. Majestic. Misunderstood.
This groundbreaking book takes you on a journey through 1,000 years of perception, revealing how these northern lands have been imagined: as wild and untamed frontiers, as noble havens of purity, as cursed wastelands—or as glittering utopias brimming with treasure.
Drawing on rich research from travelogues, literature, and visual art, Iceland and Greenland: A Millennium of Perceptions unpacks the myths, contradictions, and fantasies that still shape how the world sees these enigmatic lands today.
Why have these conflicting images endured? And what do they reveal—not just about Iceland and Greenland—but about us?
Discover the story behind the stories.
The history and culture of Greenland and Iceland, and the way they are perceived by the rest of the world, has become an important topic, especially in most recent times. These perceptions are part of the cultural history and legacy of Iceland and Greenland, and the book examines upon what terms these two countries have been connected with the wider world, how the rest of the world looks upon them, and how Greenlanders and Icelanders view their status among other nations: what kind of narratives have been produced concerning them, in what form were they presented, on what evidence were they based, and what were their similarities and differences. With this publication a new foundation has thus been laid for a dialogue with the rest of the world on the status of small nations in the north.
The publisher of the book, The Icelandic Historical Society, was founded in 1902 with the aim of producing books and periodicals with historical content, and right up to the present day it still plays a key role in the dissemination of Icelandic history. With this particular publication, The Icelandic Historical Society has now entered a new field by presenting its material in English in order to reach a much larger and more international readership than has hitherto been possible.
This book is based on Í fjarska Norðursins. Ísland og Grænland – viðhorfasaga í þúsund ár (In the Far North. Iceland and Greenland: A Millennium of Perceptions) published in Icelandic in 2020 by the Icelandic Historical Society. In the following year, the author was awarded the Icelandic Literary Prize for non-fiction works. In this book the author has revised the text extensively, new research has been added, and a great number of new images adorn the work.
Translator: Julian Meldon D’Arcy, and the
Book-designer: Sigrún Sigvaldadóttir – Hunang
Introduction p. 9
Images of the North, Islands and Utopias p. 17
The North 23
Utopias and Islands 35
Iceland and Greenland in Medieval Texts p. 43
Thule 43
Iceland in Medieval Texts 47
Greenland 66
Summary 74
Iceland and Greenland 1500–1750 p. 77
Images of Iceland 1500–1750 79
Evil Iceland 84
Iceland the Paradisal Isle 92
The Civilised Island – The Exemplary Island – Icelanders’ Response 99
Greenland from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries 104
Greenland Presented to the World in the Sixteenth Century 104
Hans Egede in Greenland 115
Summary of the Period 1500–1750 122
Iceland and Greenland 1750–1900:
Images at a Crossroads p. 125
Introduction 125
Iceland during the Period 1750–1900 136
The Land and its Environment 1750–1900: Changing Attitudes 138
The People and Culture of Iceland 1750–1900: Different Views 154
Barbarians of the North 171
Greenland 1750–1900 175
Missions and Exploration. Greenland 1750–1850 177
Greenland in the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century 184
Summary of the Period 1750–1900 191
Iceland and Greenland: From the Twentieth
Century until the Present p.195
Background and Changed Circumstances 195
Images of Iceland in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 203
The Island of Sagas 203
Modern Iceland: Utopia of the North 214
Barbarians of the North? 220
Images of Greenland in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries 227
Summary p. 237
Inerniliinerit (Summary in Greenlandic) p. 247
Endnotes p. 255
Works Cited p. 273
Illustration captions p. 291
Index of Names and Subjects p. 295
Sumarliði R. Ísleifsson holds a PhD in history and is a professor in the Faculty of Philosophy, History, and Archaeology at the University of Iceland. For many years, his research has focused on how foreign writers have perceived and portrayed Iceland and Greenland, a subject on which he has published both articles and books. He has also led and participated in international research projects, edited academic volumes, and curated exhibitions. In 2021 he was awarded the Icelandic Literary Prize for non-fiction works.
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